The increase in exports and imports of goods and the emergence of the issue of smuggling have made the role of customs at the borders more sensitive than ever before and have made the issue of monitoring customs goods challenging. In Iran, official institutions also lacked high capabilities in the field of monitoring imported and exported goods, and concerns in this area have been rising since 2019. In this situation, the use of technology as one of the main solutions to this issue has been considered by policymakers. The technology related to this issue was the X-ray equipment on the border, which was considered by decision-makers through a process and was used in the country's customs after several years. This was while, despite the scientific and technological capabilities of the system, various other variables at times facilitated and at some points hindered the development and use of these systems in the country's customs. This research seeks to identify and explain these factors by interviewing experts in the field. The results obtained have been categorized and explained in 5 dimensions: causal factors, intervening conditions, contextual factors, strategies, and consequences. The findings indicate that initially, legal and institutional infrastructures were not available in line with the requirements of developing and implementing the knowledge-based system, but over time, with the recognition and intervention of political and bureaucratic factors, as well as the economic, technological, strategic, and security needs of the country and the technological capabilities of this equipment, the grounds for its development and exploitation were provided.